Women as participants in the Pakistan movement: modernization and the promise of a moral state

Article Abstract:

Muslim women were mobilized to participate in the Muslim League's push for an independent Pakistan between 1946 and 1947, and the inclusion of social modernization in the movement was expected to continue in the new country. However, the nationalist agenda absorbed the feminist general ideology without creating an agenda for women and so women continued to be marginalized. The Pakistan movement needs to be better researched to understand Muslim Indian politics since the movement incorporated social, gender and modernization issues as well as having a political agenda.

Political activity, Beliefs, opinions and attitudes, Women, Muslim, Muslim women, India-Pakistan War, 1971, Pakistan movement

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Two dimensions of a national crisis: population growth and refugees in Pakistan

Article Abstract:

Pakistan's population problem is caused by rising birth-rates and an influx of Afghan refugees, both of which have had an adverse effect on development programs. A reduced mortality rate and a high fertility rate contribute to the rapid rate of urbanization. Men and women must be educated, options other than motherhood must be placed before women and the social value attached to children must be reduced. Pakistan could be destabilized by the Afghan refugees, who continue to cling to their cultural roots and might assert their political authority someday.

Demographic aspects, Pakistan, Population policy, Refugees, Afghan, Afghan refugees

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The 'problem of people': British colonials, Cold War powers, and the Chinese refugees in Hong Kong, 1949-62

Article Abstract:

The article examines the influx of refugees from the mainland to Hong Kong from 1949-62 from an international history perspective focusing on the interaction between international politics and internal dynamics. The involvement of British colonial officials and the Cold War powers on the Chinese refugee problem is discussed.

United Kingdom, Public affairs, Hong Kong, Evaluation, History, Emigration and immigration, World politics, Refugees, Chinese, Chinese refugees

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