The meaning of money revisited

Article Abstract:

The Money Ethic Scale (MES) was developed to measure the value money represents. The MES measures whether money is considered good or evil, a measure of achievement, freedom and respect or self-esteem, and whether it is budgeted well or not. The MES is reliable and has inter-item consistency. The nomological network of the MES is presented. Among the factors discovered in the network are age and sex are corellated with ability to budget and high-income people think that money measures achievement.

Testing, Design and construction, Psychological tests, Values, Values (Philosophy)

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The meaning of money: extension and exploration of the money ethic scale in a sample of university students in Taiwan

Article Abstract:

A survey conducted to determine American workers' attitudes toward money was replicated using Taiwanese students as respondents. The results of the study using Tang's Money Ethic Scale differed from the American survey in some aspects. Gender differences which were not present in American attitudes were seen in the Chinese group. There were also varying influences of the protestant work ethic across the two groups. Both studies showed that cognitive expectations of money resulted in stress.

Psychological aspects, Ethical aspects, Wealth, Chinese students

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Cultural and individual differences in self-rating behavior: an extension and refinement of the cultural relativity hypothesis

Article Abstract:

The relationships between individual attributes, culture, and self-rating behavior among 1,786 college students in Canada, Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, and Japan are studied. Individuslism is shown to be the cultural driver for self-rating leniency.

Canada, Science & research, Asia, Public affairs, Employee Evaluation, Social aspects, Influence, Individualism, Employee performance appraisals, Performance appraisals, Self-evaluation, Self evaluation, Cultural relativism, Individuality, Report

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