Fungus-growing ants use antibiotic-producing bacteria to control garden parasites

Article Abstract:

A newly discovered bacterial symbiont of the attine ants seems to be a third mutualist in an ancient symbiosis among ants, domesticated fungi, parasitic fungi and antibiotic-producing bacteria. The production of antibiotics by the attine-associated Streptomyces that specifically target the growth of the specialized garden-parasite Escovopsis is strong evidence that the bacterium is an extremely evolved mutualist. It appears that microbes and their metabolites could be vital elements in the regulation of other symbiotic links between higher organisms.

Behavior, Symbiosis, Ants

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Most smooth closed space curves contain approximate solutions of the n-body problem

Article Abstract:

A few special solutions for the n-body problem require masses to be in particularly initial positions, known as central configurations. A generalization of the central-configuration approach is reported, resulting in large continuous groups of approximate solutions. The gravitational force on each particle is in proportion to the local curvature and is calculated using a version of the Biot-Savart integral.

Many-body problem, Many body problem (Classical mechanics)

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