Worlds in common through NF-kappa-B

Article Abstract:

The activity of nuclear factor regulating expression of kappa light-chain immunoglobulin (NF-kappa-B) is mediated by a family of molecules, including the product of the gene, c-rel. It has now been established that c-rel is expressed in cells at the tip of chick limb buds. Limb abnormalities arise when NF-kappa-B activity is blocked. It is therefore clear that this intracellular signalling mechanism is required for vertebrate embryonic development. When NF-kappa-B signalling is blocked, expression of the gene Twist, which encodes a regulatory helix-loop-helix protein, is reduced.

Genetic transcription, Transcription (Genetics)

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Hox9 genes and vertebrate limb specification

Article Abstract:

It is possible to induce the same population of flank cells to form either an ectopic wing or an ectopic leg. The formation of these limbs is accompanied by clear changes in expression of three Hox genes in lateral plate mesoderm. The discovery that Hox gene expression can be independently controlled in lateral plate and paraxial mesoderm indicates a possible explanation for the way in which the position of paired appendages has moved along the body axis during evolution without significant changes to the axial skeleton.

Vertebrates, Evolution (Biology)

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A tool for transgenesis

Article Abstract:

The Hox-4 gene complex and the homeobox help to stimulate the embryonic growth of limbs and digits among vertebrates. B.A. Morgan and colleagues used an innovative method for putting genes into embryonic chicken cells to determine that Hox-4 gene expression contributes to differentiating fingers and toes. The finding that altering Hox-4 gene expression from anterior to posterior cells produces more posterior digits confirmed Hox-4's causal role.

Gene expression, Developmental genetics, Embryology, Animal embryology, Homeobox genes

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