Ideas behind China's modern state

Article Abstract:

China's modern state has inherited the constitutional agenda of the late imperial age, a tradition that accounts for its tendency to bureaucratic authoritarianism. Reformers such as Wei Yuan (1794-1857) and Feng Guifeng (1809-1874) were interested in reconciling greater participation with a strong state. However, critics' responses to Feng reveal a system of beliefs about human behavior that supports authoritarianism. These beliefs ruled out the possibility of effective representation, which left bureaucratic control as seemingly the best way to transcend private interests.

China, Political aspects, Political science, Authoritarianism

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Conservatism and dynamism in the contemporary celebration of Halloween: institutionalization, commercialization, gentrification

Article Abstract:

The American celebration of Halloween has undergone constant change in response to society's attempts to control its observance. Halloween's dominant themes of harvest celebration and remembrance of the dead have largely remained stable, but are being lost in the commercialization of the holiday, as seen in the focus of costumes based on film characters and increased adult participation. The commercialization is thought by some scholars to be Americans' way of reducing Halloween to their control by minimizing their fears.

Social aspects, Economic aspects, Popular culture, Holidays, Halloween, Supernatural

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