An exported peptide functions intracellularly to contribute to cell density signaling in B. subtilis

Article Abstract:

Peptide accumulation in the culture medium, brought about by cells growth to high density, partially controls competence growth and sporulation in B. subtilis. The PhrA peptide and CSF are two distinct signaling molecules where the former stimulates sporulation and the latter is the competence-and sporulation-stimulating factor. Through the secretion and processing of precursor molecules, mature pentapeptides are created and they are useful when expressed inside the cell. This signals that the pentapeptides must be imported to operate effectively.

Peptides

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Vertebrate embryonic cells will become nerve cells unless told otherwise

Article Abstract:

The neuralization of embryonic cells occurs when cells fail to receive inducing signals that order the formation of the epidermis, mesoderm or endoderm. The neuralization concept supports a reinterpretation of the classical views on neural and epidermal specification. The secreted growth factor Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) 4 has a significant role wherein BMP signaling induces epidermal differentiation.

Embryology, Animal embryology, Nerve tissue, Nerve growth factor

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