Production: A Dynamic Challenge

Article Abstract:

Complete computer-integrated manufacturing automation systems do not exist, but flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are now operating. Integrated computer control manages groups of machine tools and workpiece transport and handling equipment for production of a broad family of machine parts. Flexible automation is being spurred on by manufacturers wanting to increase profits through speedy and efficient work and workers interested in leaving manufacturing work or improving conditions. Reduced capital investment and increased productivity are results of systems in Germany and Japan. Japanese systems are operating overnight to increase productivity and reduce work in process. An FMS with twenty-eight numerically controlled (NC) machine tools is illustrated. A work-transfer system and tool-transfer subsystems of the FMS are run by a hierarchical distributed computer system.

Automation, Integrated Systems, CAD/CAM, Numerical Control

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The surface-mounting challenge: access to circuits

Article Abstract:

The use of surface-mounted technology in the design of printed circuit boards presents special problems for manufacturing and testing. The leads on conventional ICs protrude through holes in the board, providing access to them for testability. Surface mount components attach directly to pads on the board, often on both sides. Their fine lead spacing enables the chips to be placed close together, but this dense packaging limits access to circuitry for testing. One solution is to incorporate test pads into the board design, which are concentrated in one area of the board and connected by traces to the circuit. Multiplexers and shift registers on the board can also provide electrical access.

Integrated circuits, Design, Semiconductor Preparation, Boards/Cards, Surface-Mount Technology, Surface mount technology

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NASA's Dual Challenge: Serving Yet Striving

Article Abstract:

NASA's challenge today is to develop a broadly useful space station and to encourage private-sector initiatives in space. NASA must select projects that can receive Administration and Congressional backing and also have multiple goals. If NASA does not merge with the private-sector, the agency could be swallowed up by the Department of Defense.

Future Technologies, Space Craft, Space Exploration, NASA

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