Fluid balance for optimal performance

Article Abstract:

Replacing lost fluids during and after exercising should focus on water, salt, and carbohydrates to avoid serious consequences. The ideal beverage depends on the type of sport, environmental factors, and the individual. Adding small amounts of salt, potassium, fructose, and several types of carbohydrates to an isotonic drink should serve as a general guideline only.

Prevention, Exercise, Composition, Exercise physiology, Physiological regulation, Dehydration (Physiology), Isotonic beverages, Energy drinks, Body fluids

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Development and basic mechanisms of human gut immunity

Article Abstract:

The mucosal immune system has adapted two lines of defense, immune exclusion by secretory antibodies that inhibits pathogenic organisms and by oral tolerance. The development of these immunization factors is influenced by nutrition, dietary factors, breast-feeding age, genetic impact, atopy, epithelial permeability, indigenous microbiota and infections.

Gastrointestinal mucosa

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