Affirmative action in municipal government: anatomy of a failure

Article Abstract:

An analysis of the failure of the affirmative action program implemented in Norman, OK reveals several factors which adversely affect the program. These include cultural and political barriers, lack of effective enforcement system and lack of communication between the managers and the constituents. The affirmative action program failed in Norman because the cultural and historical conditions which prevailed favored the continuation of the patronage system of hiring. Also, there was lack of compliance with the laws on affirmative action due to the absence of an effective enforcement system and an enlightened constituency.

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Affirmative action and judicial standards of review: a search for the elusive consensus

Article Abstract:

The Supreme Court has not formed a consensus on how to deal with affirmative action programs despite the existence of a two-tiered standard for reviewing such matters. An analysis of affirmative decisions in the last decade reflect the Court's ambivalence towards the issue and the absence of a clear-cut policy towards affirmative action. This results in a case-to-case approach which depends on who presides the bench and a confusion for public administrators. This underscores the need to develop a concrete affirmative action principle that complies with the Constitution's Equal Protection clause.

Standards, United States. Supreme Court

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Municipal government personnel systems: a test of two archetypal models

Article Abstract:

Previous studies on personnel management in municipal governments revealed two conceptual models: unidimensional professional model and the multidimensional systems model. The former requires local governments to progressively shift from the patronage system toward the merit system. The latter describes local jurisdictions as a compendium of many unique personnel systems. An empirical study shows stronger support for the multidimensional systems model.

Models

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