Competing theoretical analyses of helplessness: a social-developmental analysis

Article Abstract:

A study was conducted on the relationship between age factors and the effect of various tasks and processes on helplessness in children. Third- and sixth-grade children were made to perform achievement-related tasks varied according to evaluative feedback type and to control. Helplessness was observed in 11-year olds given failure feedback in the task, but not in 8-year old children, in accordance with findings of previous studies. In addition, 8-year olds were found to exhibit helplessness when made to perform a task over which they could only exercise little control.

Research, Analysis, Failure (Psychology), Control (Psychology), Helplessness (Psychology)

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Effects of maternal work status in single-parent families on children's perception of self and family and school achievement

Article Abstract:

A survey conducted among single-parent mothers and their children showed that the mother's employment status significantly affected children's perception of self, family and school achievement. The said children had more positive perceptions regarding family organization and cohesiveness, had higher self-esteems, and did better in school, and were more independent. The children's and the mother's beliefs were also more similar. This could be explained by the fact that children of single-parent families have more defined roles and look to their mothers as role-models.

Working mothers, Single parents, Children of single parents, Single-parent family, Single parent family

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A cross-task comparison of false belief understanding in a Head Start population

Article Abstract:

African-American children from low-income families, already enrolled or likely to be enrolled in Head Start, exhibit the basic course of false belief mastery that is similar to that in middle-class white children. However, the average rate of development is slower and less consistent in the African-American children than in the other group. Performance on location tasks is better than that on contents tasks among older children, and performance level increases slightly with age.

African Americans, United States. Administration for Children and Families. Head Start Bureau

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