The OSI Reference Model

Article Abstract:

In 1978 the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Technical Committee 97 formed SC16 for open Systems Interconnection (OSI) to develop standards for computer networks. The OSI Basic Reference Model (ISO 7498) was adopted with levels of abstraction that include the architecture, the service specifications, and the protocol specifications. Decribed in the architecture section of the model are systems, layer, entities; services and service access points; naming for entities and service access points; and connections. Interprocess communication is divided into the seven layers: application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical layer. Future developments in the model will cover all of the layers as well as naming, security, voice and image, and connectionless data transmission. Diagrams illustrate the layers and the elements of the architecture.

Standard, Standardization, Communications protocols, Protocol, Networks, Network Models, OSI Standard, ISO, Network Layer Control

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Law backs women warriors

Article Abstract:

The Department of Defense and the Presidential Commission on the Assignment of Women in the Armed Forces both found women no less qualified than men to serve as combat pilots. There was no factual evidence that women combat pilots would impact military effectiveness. Maintaining the blanket prohibition on women combat pilots might therefore have been a constitutional violation of the Fifth Amendment's equal protection guarantees and the Pentagon's deciding to lift the ban was called for from a legal standpoint.

Laws, regulations and rules, Equality before the law, Equal protection, Women military personnel

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Location, location, location: the first farmers

Article Abstract:

Researchers have identified the site of domestication for einkorn wheat, providing information that may help determine why agriculture originated in Southwest Asia's Fertile Crescent. Because domesticated einkorn is so like its wild ancestors, domestication of einkorn was likely quick and easy.

Agriculture, Middle East, Origin

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