Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida

Article Abstract:

Deuterostomes comprise vertebrates, invertebrate chordates and invertebrate hemichordates, echinoderms and Xenoturbella and relationship between all these groups is studied by assembling an alignment of more than 35,000 homologous amino acids. The results support the clades Olfactores and Ambulacraria, however, cephalochordate and echinoderm grouping is not supported leading to conclusion that chordates are monophyletic and Xenoturbella is the sister group of two ambulacrarian phyla.

Phylogeny, Chordata, Chordates

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Palaeoanatomy and biological affinities of a Cambrian deuterostome (stylophora)

Article Abstract:

Stylophora are a peculiar extinct group of asymmetrical deuterostomes whose biological affinity is fiercely debated and it is shown that the large proximal lumen of the stylophoran elements' appendage was filled with muscle and that ligamentary tissues bound distal elements firmly together. Hence, although the skeletal structure suggests that stylophorans are echinoderms, their appendage is not a feeding arm but a muscular locomotory organ.

Endocrine system

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Echinoderm roots

Article Abstract:

The distinctive echinoderm skeleton is made of calciteplates with holey Swiss cheese type microstructures. The evolutionary history of the echinoderms is researched.

Echinodermata, Echinoderms

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