Midbrain development induced by FGF8 in the chick embryo

Article Abstract:

The effect of the FGF8 protein was determined in the midbrain development of an isthmus graft in the chick. Sectionings of the ectopic midbrain revealed a mirror image arrangement in relation to the normal midbrain. It also depicted an isthmic contriction near the beak of the chick. FGF8 protein was then shown to be capable of inducing a complete midbrain and of producing ectopic structures through the formation of an organizing center in the form of an isthmus in the caudal diencephalon. FGF8 is also concluded to induce En expression since midbrain development needs Engrailed (En) activity.

Growth, Brain, Mesencephalon, Chick embryo

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FGF-4 and BMP-2 have opposite effects on limb growth

Article Abstract:

Limb growth depends on the proliferation of mesenchyme by stimulation of a specialized epithelium at the limb tip known as the apical ectodermal ridge (AER). Both the genes fibroblast growth factor-4 and bone morphogenetic protein-2 are expressed by mouse AER. These encode the secreted signalling molecules FGF-4 and BMP-2, respectively. It has been found that FGF-4 stimulates growth of mesenchyme in early mouse limb-buds and that BMP-2 inhibits this growth. This suggests limb growth depends on a mixture of stimulatory and inhibitory signals.

Growth factors, Bone regeneration

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Inhibition of NF-kappa-B activity results in disruption of the apical ectodermal ridge and aberrant limb morphogenesis

Article Abstract:

It has been established that Rel/NF-kappa-B transcriptionally controls the expression of factors that are required for the determination of positional patterning, cellular identity and survival in Drosophila. The mesenchyme is required for maintenance of the structure and function of the apical ectodermal ridge. Inhibition of NF-kappa-B activity in limb mesenchyme prompts a reduction in expression of Sonic hedgehog and Twist but derepresses expression of the bone morphogenetic protein-4 gene.

Genetic transcription, Transcription (Genetics)

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