| Animal Behaviour 1999 |
| Title | Subject | Authors |
|---|
| Absolute versus per unit body length speed of prey as an estimator of vulnerability to predation. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | R. Van Damme, T.J.M. Van Dooren |
| Acoustic interference limits call detection in a neotropical frog. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Lori Wollerman |
| A critical review of methodology and interpretation of mirror self-recognition research in nonhuman primates. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Monique W. De Veer, Ruud Van Den Bos |
| Affiliative preferences are stable and predict mate choices in both sexes of Japanese quail. Coturnix japonica. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | David J. White, Bennett G. Galef |
| Age-related mate choice in the wandering albatross. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Pierre Jouventin, F. Stephen Dobson, Benoit Lequette |
| Algorithmic behavior and spatial memory are used by two intertidal fish species to solve the radial maze. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Roger N. Hughes, Christine M. Blight |
| Alliances and reproductive success in Camargue stallions. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Claudia Feh |
| An experimental study of behavioural group size effects in tammar wallabies, Macropus eugenii. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Christopher S. Evans, Janice C. Daniel, David T. Blumstein |
| Are vigilance sequences a consequence of intrinsic chaos or external changes? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Graeme D. Ruxton, Gilbert Roberts |
| Assessing parental effort in a Neotropical parrot: a comparison of methods. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Wesley W. Weathers, Steven R. Beissinger, Rodney B. Siegel |
| Assessment of rattlesnake dangerousness by California ground squirrels: exploitation of cues from rattling sounds. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Ronald R. Swaisgood, Donald H. Owings, Matthew P. Rowe |
| Asymmetry and fighting performance in the shore crab Carcinus maenas. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | John P. Swaddle, Lynee U. Sneddon |
| Asymmetry of spider orb webs: a result of physical constraints? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | M.E. Herberstein, A.M. Heiling |
| Auditory preference for conspecific song in isolation-reared zebra finches. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Kerry Reynolds, Richard F. Braaten |
| Auditory-visual stimulus pairing enhances perceptual learning in a songbird. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Henrike Hultsch, Dietmar Todt, Friederike Schleuss |
| A virtual robot to model the use of regenerated legs in a web-building spider. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Fritz Vollrath, Thiemo Krink |
| Avoidance of superparasitism: a matter of learning? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | John P. Fletcher, Ian F. Harvey, Stephen F. Hubbard |
| Back to the basics of antipredatory vigilance: Can nonvigilant animals detect attack? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Steven L. Lima, Peter A. Bednekoff |
| Behavioural aspects of the raccoon mating system: determinants of courtship success. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Stanley D. Gehrt, Erik K. Fritzell |
| Behavioural patterns associated with faecal cortisol levels in free-ranging female ring-tailed lemurs, Lemur catta. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Sonia A. Cavigelli |
| Behaviour of house mice artificially selected for high levels of voluntary wheel running. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Theodore Garland Jr., Pawel Koteja, Joanna K. Sax, John G. Swallow, Patrick A. Carter |
| Bidirectional communication between the brain and the immune system: implications for behaviour. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Linda R. Watkins, Steven F. Maier |
| Black-capped chickadee call dialects along a continuous habitat corridor. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Myron C. Baker, Lori E. Miyasato |
| Cardiac and behavioural responses of mussels to risk of predation by dogwhelks. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Francesco Rovero, Roger N. Hughes, Guido Chelazzi |
| Cattle egrets are less able to cope with light refraction than are other herons. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Gadi Katzir, Tamir Strod, Edna Schechtman, Shlomo Hareli, Zeev Arad |
| Central males instead of multiple pairs in redfronted lemurs, Eulemur fulvus rufus (Primates,Lemuridae)? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Julia Ostner, Peter Kappeler |
| Changes in olfactory responsiveness by the domestic chick after early exposure to odorants. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Lesley J. Rogers, Thomas H.J. Burne |
| Chemical orientation to food by the crayfish Orconectes rusticus: Influence of hydrodynamics. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Paul A. Moore, Jennifer L. Grills |
| Chicken food calls are functionally referential. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Christopher S. Evans, Linda Evans |
| Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes, follow gaze direction geometrically. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Brian Hare, Bryan Agnetta, Michael Tomasello |
| Coal tits, Parus ater, lose weight in response to chases by predators. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Vicente Polo, Luis M. Carrascal |
| Competitive foraging in the social spider Stegodyphus dumicola. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | M.E.A. Whitehouse, Y. Lubin |
| Complex patterns of food allocation in asynchronously hatching broods of crimson rosellas. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Elizabeth A. Krebs, Ross B. Cunningham, Christine F. Donnelly |
| Conflict and assessment in a predator-prey system: ground squirrels versus rattlesnakes. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Ronald R. Swaisgood, Donald H. Owings, Matthew P. Rowe |
| Conflict resolution in 5-year-old boys: Does postconflict affiliative behaviour have a reconciliatory role? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Tomas Ljungberg, Karolina Westlund, Anna Johanna Lindqvist Forsberg |
| Context-dependent, risk-sensitive foraging preferences in wild rufous hummingbirds. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | T. Andrew Hurly, Michael D. Oseen |
| Context-related vocalization rates of fallow bucks, Dama dama. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Alan G. McElligott, Thoms J. Hayden |
| Contexts and possible functions of barking in roe deer. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | D. Reby, B. Cargnelutti, J.M. Hewison |
| Contextual determinants of female-female mounting in laboratory rats. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Jiming Fang, Lynwood Clemens |
| Correlated-response-to-selection experiments designed to test for a genetic correlation between female preferences and male traits yield biased results. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | David A. Gray, William H. Cade |
| Costs of egg ventilation for male common gobies breeding in conditions of low dissolved oxygen. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | John D. Reynolds, Jackie C. Jones |
| Courtship song rhythms in Drosophila yakuba. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Matthew C. Demetriades, Justin R. Thackeray, Charlambos P. Kyriacou |
| Cultural influences on female mate choice: An experimental test in cowbirds, Molothrus ater. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Todd M. Freeberg, Shan D. Duncan, Tracey L. Kast, David A. Einstrom |
| Cumulative long-term investment in vocalization and mating success of fallow bucks, Dama dama. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Thomas J. Hayden, Alan G. McElligott, Kate P. O'Neill |
| Demographic consequences of incest avoidance in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Walter D. Koenig, Mark T. Stanback, Joseph Haydock |
| Determining the reproductive behaviour of individual brown-headed cowbirds using microsatellite DNA markers. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | H. Lisle Gibbs, Spencer G. Sealy, Gerald W. Alderson |
| Development of kin bias among rhesus monkeys: maternal transmission or individual learning? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Carol M. Bermen, Ellen Kapsalis |
| Differences in prey selection and behaviour during self-feeding and chick provisioning in rhinoceros auklets. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Alan E. Burger, Gail K. Davoren |
| Differential behavioural and hormonal responses of voles and spiny mice to owl calls. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | David Eilam, Gabi Shefer, Tamar Dayan, Shamgar Ben-Eliyahu, Ifat Schulman, Colin A. Hendrie |
| Divorce and asynchronous arrival in common terns, Sterna hirundo. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Jacob Gonzalez-Solis, Peter H. Becker, Helmut Wendeln |
| Does darkening signal submission in territorial contests between juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Kirstine I. O'Connor, Neil B. Metcalfe, Alan C. Taylor |
| Does learning affect the structure of vocalizations in chimpanzees? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Richard W. Wrangham, Adam Clark Arcadi, Andrew J. Marshall |
| Does leg-ring colour affect song tutor choice in zebra finches? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | N.I. Mann, Fiona D. Pearson, J.B. Slater |
| Drosophila song as a species-specific mating signal and the behavioural importance of Kyriacou & Hall cycles in D. melanogaster song. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Michael G. Ritchie, Jennifer M. Gleason, Elizabeth J. Halsey |
| Early development of climbing skills in harvest mice. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Takayuki Mori, Reiko Ishiwaka |
| Ecological influences on vocal development in the white-crowned sparrow. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Douglas A. Nelson |
| Effect of experience of occlusion events on the domestic chick's strategy for locating a concealed imprinting object. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | C.J. Nicol, R. Freire |
| Effect of experience on predatory behaviour of dogwhelks. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Francesco Rovero, Roger N. Hughes, Guido Chelazzi |
| Effect of queen phenotype and social environment on early queen mortality in incipient colonies of the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Giorgina Bernasconi, Laurent Keller |
| Effect of roost size on the emergence behaviour of pipistrelle bats. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | J.R. Speakman, N. Irwin, N. Tallach, R. Stone |
| Effect of tagging marine turtles on nesting behaviour and reproductive success. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Annette C. Broderick, Brendan J. Godley |
| Effects of body size and home range on access to mates and paternity in male bridled nailtail wallabies. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | D.O. Fisher, M.C. Lara |
| Effects of isolation on sibling recognition in prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Zuleyma Tang-Martinez, Guillermo Paz Y Mino |
| Effects of social status on the dispersal behaviour of juvenile western screech-owls. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | James R. Belthoff, Ethan A. Ellsworth |
| Effects of song overlapping and alternating on nocturnally singing nightingales. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Marc Naguib |
| Egg-laying behaviour by shiny cowbirds parasitizing brown-and-yellow marshbirds. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Juan C. Reboreda, Myriam E. Mermoz |
| Endogenous rhythms of locomotor activity in the high-shore limpet, Helcion pectunculus.(Patellogastropoda) | Zoology and wildlife conservation | D.R. Gray, A.N. Hodgso |
| Evidence for adaptive chances in egg laying in crickets exposed to bacteria and parasites. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Shelley A. Adamo |
| Experimental evidence for mutual inter-and intrasexual selection favouring a crested auklet ornament. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Ian L. Jones, Fiona M. Hunter |
| Factor affecting mirror behaviour in western lowland gorillas, Gorilla gorilla. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Daniel J. Shillito, Gordon G. Gallup Jr., Benjamin B. Beck |
| Familiarity leads to female mate preference for novel males in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | David N. Reznick, Kimberly A. Hughes, Linh Du, Helen Rodd |
| Feather mites, pectoral muscle condition, wing length and plumage coloration of passerines. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | David G.C. Harper |
| Feeding experience affects web relocation and investment in web threads in an orb-web spider, Cyclosa argenteoalba. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Kensuke Nakata, Atushi Ushimaru |
| Female choice and plasticity of male calling behaviour in the Pacific treefrog. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Gary J. Rose, Eliot A. Brenowitz |
| Female distribution, genetic relatedness, and fostering behavior in harbour seals, Phoca vitulina. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | C.M. Schaeff, D.J. Boness, W.D. Bowen |
| Female mate choice in swordtails and mollies: Symmetry assessment or Weber's law. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Sara J. Shettleworth |
| Female mating strategy and male brood cannibalism in a sand-dwelling cardinalfish. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Noboru Okuda |
| Female preference fo multiple partners: Sperm competition in the hide beetle, Dermestes maculates.(DeGeer) | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Melanie s. Archer, Mark a. Elgar |
| Female preferences for temporal order of call components in the tungara frog: a Bayesian analysis. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | A. Stanley Rand, Walter Wilczynski |
| Female reproductive strategies, paternity and community structure in wild West African chimpanzees. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Christophe Boesch, Pascal Gagneux, David S. Woodruff |
| Female responses to isolated signals from multimodal male courtship displays in the wolf spider genus Schizocosa (Araneae: Lycosidae). | Zoology and wildlife conservation | George W. Uetz, Eileen A. Hebets |
| Female territorial aggression and steroid hormones in mountain spiny lizards. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Michael C. Moore, Sarah K. Woodley |
| Female zebra finches prefer symmetrically banded males, but only during interactive mate choice tests. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Joseph R. Waas, Angela F. Wordsworth |
| Finding an appropriate order for a hierarchy based on probabilistic dominance. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Michael C. Appleby, Kimberly A. Jameson, Linton C. Freeman |
| Finding a parent in a king penguin colony: the acoustic system of individual recognition. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Pierre Jouventin, Thierry Aubin, Thierry Lengagne |
| Fin-flicking behavior: A visual antipredator alarm signal in a characin fish, Hemigrammus erythrozonus. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Grant E. Brown, Jean-Guy J. Godin, Jessica Pedersen |
| Floater males gain reproductive success through extrapair fertilizations in the stitchbird. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | John G. Ewen, David M. Lambert, D.P. Armstrong |
| Food provision to nestling shearwaters: why parental behaviour should be monitored? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Robert W. Furness, Jose P. Granadeiro, Martin D. Burns |
| Foraging innovation in the guppy. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Simon M. Reader, Kevin N. Laland |
| Foraging strategy in a social bird, the alpine chough: Effect of variation in quantity and distribution of food. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Anne Delestrade |
| Forced copulation results in few extrapair fertilizations in Ross's and lesser snow geese. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Alan D. Afton, Peter O. Dunn, Ray T. Alisauskas, Mark L. Gloutney |
| 'Friendship' for fitness in chimpanzees? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Charlotte K. Hemelrijk, Robert D. Martin, Christoph Meier |
| Geographical variation in temporal and spatial vocalization patterns of male harbour seals in the mating season. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Gordon D. Hastie, Paul M. Thompson, Sofie M. Van Parijs |
| Giant pandas discriminate individual differences in conspecific scent. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Xiaoping Zhou, Ronald R. Swaisgood, Donald G. Lindburg |
| Gregarious development in alysiine parasitoids evolved through a reduction in larval aggression. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Jacques J.M. van Alphen, Peter J. Mayhew |
| Hard work impinges on fitness: an experimental study with zebra finches. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Charlotte Deerenberg, Gerard J.F. Overkamp |
| Helping behaviour in facultatively eusocial hover wasps: an experimental test of the subfertility hypothesis. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Jeremy Field, William Foster |
| Housing and welfare in laboratory rats: Effects of cage stocking density and behavioural predictors of welfare. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | C.J. Barnard, J.L. Hurst, C.D. West, U. Tolladay, C.M. Nevison |
| How selfish is a cuckoo chick?(cuckoo chick begging displays) | Zoology and wildlife conservation | N.B. Davies, R.M. Kilner |
| Human evolutionary psychology and animal behavior.(research on humans in the animal behavior field) | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Martin Daly, Margo I. Wilson |
| Hunger effects on foraging responses to perceptual cues in immature and adult wolf spiders (Lycosidae). | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Matthew Persons |
| Identification of a disturbance signal in larval red-legged frogs, Rana aurora. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Adolfo Marco, Andrew R. Blaustein, Joseph M. Kiesecker, Douglas P. Chivers, Consuelo Quilchano, Michael T. Anderson |
| Illumination and the perception of remote habitat patches by white-footed mice. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Steven L. Lima, Patrick A. Zollner |
| Impact of geographical origin on mating behaviour in two species of Biomphalaria (Planorbidae: Gastropoda). | Zoology and wildlife conservation | M.E.J. Woolhouse, J.C. Rupp |
| Individual differences in den maintenance effort in a communally dwelling mammal: the Eurasian badger. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | David W. Macdonald, Laura Bonesi, Paul D. Stewart |
| Individual differences in parental care and behaviour profile in the convict cichlid: a correlation study. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Sergey V. Budaev, Dmitry D. Zworykin, Andrei D. Mochek |
| Individual recognition in wild bottlenose dolphins: a field test using playback experiments. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Michael D. Scott, Peter L. Tyack, Randall S. Wells, Laela S. Sayigh, Andrew R. Solows, A.B. Irvine |
| Individual sibling recognition in experimental broods of common tern chicks. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Joanna Burger, Brian G. Palestis |
| Infant handling in wild Cebus capucinus: testing bonds between females? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Joseph H. Manson |
| Interactions between red-billed oxpeckers, Buphagus erythrorhynchus, and domestic cattle, Bos taurus, in Zimbabwe. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Paul Weeks |
| Interpopulation and context-related differences in responses of a marine gastropod to predation risk. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | John H. Himmelman, Remy Rochette, Lawrence M. Dill, Marie-Josee Maltais |
| Interruptions to foraging and learning in a changing environment. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Innes C. Cuthill, Sasha R.X. Dall, John M. McNamarat |
| Intraindividual variance in trait size and the analysis of developmental instability. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | David L. Thomson |
| Intraspecific brood parasitism: a strategy for floating females in the European starling. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Maria I Sandell, Michael Diemer |
| Is infestation the result of adaptive choice behaviour by the parasite? A study of mites and midges. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Athol McLachlan, Richard Ladle, Colin Bleay |
| Keep the chicks moving: how Sandwich terns can minimize kleptoparasitism by black-headed gulls. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | E.W.M. Stienen, A. Brenninkmeijer |
| Laboratory endurance capacity predicts variation in field locomotor behaviour among lizard species. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Theodore Garland Jr. |
| Laterality and cooperation: mosquitofish move closer to a predator when the companion is on their left side. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Angelo Bisazza, Giorgio Vallortigara, Andrea de Santi |
| Leg autotomy in a spider has minimal costs in competitive ability and development. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Elizabeth M. Jakob, Scott A. Johnson |
| Long-term memory for a spatial task in young chicks. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Lucia Regolin, Stephen P.R. Rose |
| Male bonnet macaques use information about third-party rank relationships to recruit allies. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Joan B. Silk |
| Male choice of female colour morphs in Ischnura elegans (Odonata, Coenagrionidae): testing the hypotheses. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Robby Stoks, Erik Matthysen, Hans van Gossum, Famke Valck, Luc de Bruyn |
| Male choice, willingness to mate and body size in seaweed flies (Diptera: Coelopidae). | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Caroline S. Crean, Derek W. Dunn, Andre S. Gilburn, Catherine L. Wilson |
| Male-male competition and female choice in brown trout. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Erik Petersson, Torbjorn Jarvi, Ian Mayer, Hakan Olsen, Mikael Hedenskog |
| Male mating behavior and sperm production characteristics under varying sperm competition risk in guppies. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Anne E. Magurran, Jonathan P. Evans |
| Male mating patterns in wild multimale mountain gorilla groups. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Martha M. Robbins |
| Mate choice copying and conspecific cueing in Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | David J. White, Bennett G. Jr. Galef |
| Mate choice copying versus preference for actively displaying males by female pied flycatchers. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Tore Slagsvold, Hildegunn Viljugrein |
| Mate choice in divergent morphs of the gastropod mollusc Littorina saxatilis (Olivi): speciation in action? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | J. Grahame, A.R. Pickles |
| Mate, neighbour and stranger songs: a female song sparrow perspective. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | A.L. O'Loghlen, M.D. Beecher |
| Mating ecology of the nonpollinating fig wasps of Ficus ingens. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Jaco M. Greeff, J. Willem H. Ferguson |
| Measurement bias and fluctuating asymmetry estimates. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Patrice David, Kevin Fowler, Andrew Pomiankowski, Andrew Hingle |
| Metabolic consequence of agonistic behavior: Crab fights in declining oxygen tensions. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Alan C. Taylor, Lynne U. Sneddon, Felicity A. Huntinford |
| Metabolic costs of heat solicitation calls in relation to thermal need in embryos of American white pelicans. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Roger M. Evans, Christine L. Abraham |
| Modelling territorial behaviour of animals in variable environments. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Stuart Humphries, Graeme D. Ruxton, John D. Armstrong |
| Mode of colony foundation influences the primary sex ratio in ants. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Luc Passera, Serge Aron |
| Mother species-father species: unidirectional hybridization in animals with female choice. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Peter Wirtz |
| Motivational control of caching behaviour in the scrub jay, Aphelocoma coerulescens. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Anthony Dickinson, Nicola S. Clayton |
| Multiple patterns of parental care. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | John M. McNamara, Tamas Szekely, Alasdair I. Houston, James N. Webb |
| Nest attendance during egg laying in pheasants. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Gorgen Goransson, Irene Persson |
| Noctuid moths show neural and behavioural responses to sounds made by some bat-marking rings. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Raphael Arlettaz, Gareth Jones, Alex P. Norman |
| Novelty effects in a multimodal warning signal. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Tim Guilford, Candy Rowe |
| Nutritional effects on male calling behaviour in the variable field cricket. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | William E. Wagner Jr., W. Wyatt Hoback |
| Operational sex ratio influences female preference and male-male competition in guppies. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Mullica Jirotkul |
| Optimal copula duration in yellow dung flies: effects of female size and egg content. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Leigh W. Simmons, Eric L. Charnov, Geoffrey A. Parker, Paula Stockley, Doreen M. McChristie |
| Optimal distances for squirrels to transport and hoard walnuts. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Fumio Hayashi, Yuko Hashimoto, Noriko Tamura |
| Organizing and archiving private collections of tape recordings. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Donald E. Kroodsma, David W. Stemple, Jack Bradbury, Gregory F. Budney |
| Orientation in pied flycatchers: the relative importance of magnetic and visual information at dusk. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Johan Backman, Susanne Akesson |
| Parasites promote mating success: the case of a midge and a mite. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Athol McLachlan |
| Parasitism increases offspring size in a damselfly: Experimental evidence for parasite-mediated maternal effects. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Jens Rolff |
| Parasitized female guppies do not prefer showy males. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Silvia Lopez |
| Parental provisioning, nestling departure decisions and prefledgling mass recession in Cassin's auklets. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Hugh A. Knechtel, Ronald C. Ydenberg, Yolanda E. Morbey, Anne Harfenist |
| Parent-offspring interactions in food provisioning of Manx shearwaters: implications for nestling obesity. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | K.C. Hamer, A.S. Lynnes, J.K. Hill |
| Parents and helpers compensate for experimental changes in the provisioning effort of others in the Arabian babbler. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Jonathan Wright, Niels J. Dingemanse |
| Patch choice and risk: Relative competitive ability is context dependent. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Neil B. Metcalfe, Stuart Humphries, Graeme D. Ruxton |
| Pattern learning by honeybees: Conditioning procedure and recognition strategy. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Cynthia Mizyrycki, Martin Giurfa, Silke Stach, Martin Hammer, Nicola Stollhoff, Nina Muller-Desig |
| Patterns of movement and orientation during caching and recovery by Clark's nutcrackers, Nucifraga columbiana. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Alan C. Kamil, Russell P. Balda, Sally Good |
| Perceived predation risk as a function of predator dietary cues in terrestrial salamanders. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Dennis L. Murray, Christopher L. Jenkins |
| Permissiveness in the learning and development of song syntax in swamp sparrows. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Jeffrey Podos, Susan Peters, Stephen Nowick |
| Phylogenetic influence on mating call preferences in female tungara frogs, Physalaemus pustulosus. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Michael J. Ryan, Stanley Rand |
| Phytohaemagglutinin injection assay and physiological stress in nestling house martins. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Anders Pape Moller, Florentino de Lope, Javier Martinez, Jorge Perez, Santiago Merino, Luis Sanabria, Filomena Rodriguez-Caabeiro |
| Pitfalls in the categorization of behaviour: a comparison of dolphin whistle classification methods. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Vincent M. Janik |
| Policing behavior towards virgin egg layers in a polygynous ponerine ant. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | J. Billen, B. Gobin, C. Peeters |
| Population density influences male-male competition in guppies. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Mullica Jirotkul |
| Possible causes of reproductive dominance during emergency queen rearing by honeybees. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Benjamin P. Oldroyd, Katharine E. Osborne |
| Postcopulatory sexual selection in Mediterranean fruit flies: advantages for large and protein-fed males. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Boaz Yuval, Phillip W. Taylor |
| Predictability, chaos and coordination in bird vigilant behaviour. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Frank Cezilly, Regis Ferriere, Bernard Cazelles, Jean-Pierre Desportes |
| Predicting flock vigilance from simple passerine interactions: modelling with cellular automata. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Marc Bekoff, David B. Bahr |
| Preferences for ultraviolet partners in the blue tit. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Richard Griffiths, Innes C. Cuthill, Andrew T.D. Bennett, Sarah Hunt |
| Preimaginal conditioning in Drosophila revisited. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Sarah A. Corbet, Andrew B. Barron |
| Prey size and prey density affect meal patterns of rats in depleting and nondepleting patches. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Deanne F. Johnson, George Collier |
| Problem solving and functional design features: experiments on cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus oedipus. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Marc David Hauser, Jerald Kralik, Carezza Botto-Mahan |
| Prospecting enhances breeding success of first-time breeders in the great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Thomas Bregnballe, Solveig Schjorring, Jens Gregersen |
| Proximate factors associated with high levels of extraconsort fertilization in polygynous grey seals. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Daryl J. Boness, Robert C. Fleischer, Suzanne Ambs M., W. Don Bowen, Elizabeth A. Perry |
| Quantitative tools for comparing animal communication systems: Information theory applied to bottlenose dolphin whistle repertoires. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Laurance R. Doyle, Brenda McCowan, Sean F. Hanser |
| Receiver psychology and the evolution of multicomponent signals. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Candy Rowe |
| Recognition of conspecifics by honeybee guards use snonheritable cues acquired in the adult stage. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Francis L.W. Ratnieks, Stephen G. Downs |
| Recognition of family-specific calls in stripe-backed wrens. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Jordan Price J. |
| Recognition of other individuals' social relationships by female baboons. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Dorothy L. Cheney, Robert M. Seyfarth |
| Reconciliation patterns among stumptailed macaques: a multivariate approach. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Frans B.M. de Waal, Filippo Aureli, Josep Call |
| Regulation of dustbathing in feathered and featherless domestic chicks: The Lorenzian model revisited. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Klaus S. Vestergaard, Mogens Bildsoe, Birgitte I. Damm, Ursula K. Abott |
| Regulation of worker reproduction by direct physical contact in the ant Diacamma sp. from Japan. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Bert Holldobler, Kazuki Tsuji, Kaori Egashira |
| Relatedness and chick-feeding effort in the cooperatively breeding Arabian babbler. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | P.G. Parker, J. Wright, K.J. Lundy |
| Reproductive behavioural sequences of single pairs of Atlantic salmon in an experimental stream. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Benoit de Gaudemar, Edward Beall |
| Reproductive isolation among closely related Lake Malawi cichlids: can males recognize conspecific females by visual cues? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | M.E. Knight, G.F. Turner |
| Reproductive skew and indiscriminate infanticide. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Michael A. Cant, Rufus A. Johnstone |
| Resource presence and operational sex ratio as determinants of copulation duration in the fly Rhagoletis juglandis. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Daniel R. Papaj, Henar Alonson-Pimentel |
| Retaliatory cuckoos and the evolution of host resistance to brood parasites. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Magali et al Robert |
| Risk-sensitive foraging: choice behaviour of honeybees in response to variability in volume of reward. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Brian H. Smith, Leslie A. Real, Sharoni Shafir, D. Wiegmann |
| Ritualized conflict on Odontomachus brunneus and the generation of interaction-based task allocation: A new organizational mechanism in ants. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Scott Powell, Walter R. Tschinkel |
| Robot predators in virtual ecologies: the importance of memory in mimicry studies. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Michael P. Speed |
| Scanning and route selection in the jumping spider Portia labiata. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Richard Andrew, Michael S. Tarsitano |
| Search behaviour and mate choice by female field crickets, Gryllus integer. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Daniel D. Wiegmann |
| Seasonal patterns of singing in the willow warbler: Evidence against the fertility announcement hypothesis. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Peter J.B. Slater, Diego Gill, Jeff A. Graves |
| Season- and size-dependent risk taking in juvenile coho salmon: experimental evaluation of asset protection. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Michael C. Healey, Ulrich G. Reinhardt |
| Sedentary life style of Neotropical sedge wrens promotes song imitation. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Donald E. Kroodsma, Julio Sanchez, David W. Stemple, Elijah Goodwin, Maria Luisa Da Silva, Jacques M.E. Vielliard |
| Semelparity and the evolution of maternal care in insects. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Douglas W. Tallamy, William P. Brown |
| Sex allocation and clutch size in parasitoid wasps that produce single-sex broods. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | S.A. West, C.J. Godfray, K.E. Flanagan |
| Sex allocation in a polygynous mammal with large litters: The wild boar. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Juan Carranza, Pedro Fernandez-Llario, Patricio Mateos-Quesada |
| Sex roles, parental experience and reproductive success of eastern kingbirds, Tyrannus tyrannus. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Michael T. Murphy, Jason D. Woodard |
| Sexual selection for white tail spots in the barn swallow in relation to habitat choice by feather lice. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Anders Pape Moller, Mati Kose, Raivo Mand |
| Sexual selection resulting from extrapair paternity in collared flycatchers. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Ben C. Sheldon, Hans Ellegren |
| Siblicide revisited in the spotted hyaena: Does it conform to obligate or facultative models? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Laura Smale, Kay E. Holekamp, Paula A. White |
| Signal detection theory, lateral-line excitation patterns and prey capture behaviour of mottled sculpin. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Sheryl Coombs |
| Signal-receiver interplay in the communication of male condition by Asian elephants. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Bruce A. Schulte, L.E.L. Rasmussen |
| Signals and assessment in African elephants: evidence from playback experiments. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Joyce H. Poole |
| Size and stability of vertebrate leks. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Ian P.F. Owens, Fredrik Widemo |
| Size-assortive mating, male choice and female choice in the curculionid beetle Diaprepes abbreviatus. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Ally R. Harari, Alfred M. Handler, Peter J. Landolt |
| Social anxiety, relationships and self-directed behaviour among wild female olive baboons. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Filippo Aureli, Andrew Whiten, Duncan L. Castles |
| Social determinants of reproductive failure in male common marmosets housed with their natal family. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | David H. Abbott, Wendy Saltzman, Jason V. Baker |
| Social effects on mate choices of male Japanese quail, Coturnix japonica. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Bennett G. Galef Jr., David J. White |
| Social inertia in white-throated sparrows results from recognition of opponents. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Lori Wollerman, R. Haven Wiley, Laura Steadman, Laura Chadwick |
| Social interactions unmask sex differences in humoral immunity in voles. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Sabra L. Klein, Randy J. Nelson |
| Social learning in common ravens, Corvus corax. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Johannes Fritz, Kurt Kotrschal |
| Social segregation is not a consequence of habitat segregation in red deer and feral soay sheep. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | L. Conradt |
| Song as an indicator of parasitism in the sedge warbler. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | K.L. Buchanan, C.K. Catchpole, J.W. Lewis, A. Lodge |
| Song development by chipping sparrows and field sparrows. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Donald E. Kroodsma, Wan-Chun Liu |
| Song learning from playback in zebra finches: is there an effect of operant contingency? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Carel Ten Cate, Bart B. Houx |
| Song learning with audiovisual compound stimuli in zebra finches. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Johan J. Bolhuis, Bart B. Houx, Dennis P. Van Mil |
| Song types as fundamental units in vocal repertoires.(song sparrows) | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Stephen Nowicki, William A. Searcy, Susan Peters |
| Song type switching in the chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs: timing or counting? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Katharina Riebel, P.J.B. Slater |
| Spatial accuracy in food-storing and nonstoring birds. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | A. McGregor, S.D. Healy |
| Spatial and reversal learning in congeneric lizards with different foraging strategies. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Walter Wilczynski, Day Baird Lainy, DAvid Crews |
| Spatial learning of an escape task by young corn snakes, Elaphe guttata guttata. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | David A. Holtzman, Terrence W. Harris, Guillermo Aranguren, Elizabeth Bostocks |
| Sperm transfer and male competition in a bumblebee. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Paul Schmid-Hempel, Boris Baer, Nicole Duvoisin |
| Stallion harassment and the mating system of horses. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Wayne L. Linklater, Elissa Z. Cameron, Kevin J. Stafford, Edward O. Minot |
| Staying in plastic containers interferes with the orientation of clock-shifted homing pigeons. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Roland Sandberg, Roswitha Wiltschko, Wolfgang Wiltschko, Renate Muth, Claudia Pfabe |
| Stimulus learning and response learning by observation in the European starling, in a two-object/two-action test. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | C.M. Heyes, F.M. Campbell, A.R. Goldsmith |
| Stripes display in hover-wasps (Vespidae: Stenogastrinae): a socially costly status badge. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | L. Beani, S. Turillazzi |
| Suckling behaviour does not measure milk intake in horses, Equus caballus. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Elissa Z. Cameron, Clare J. Veltman, Kevin J. Stafford, Wayen L. Linklater |
| Synchronous polyandry and multiple paternity in the frog Crinia georgiana (Anura: Myobatrachidae). | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Paul Doughty, J. Dale Roberts, Rachel J. Standish, Phillip G. Byrne |
| Temporal call changes and prior experience affect graded signalling in the cricket frog. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Michael J. Ryan, Walter Wilczynski, Sabrina Burmeister |
| Temporal, spatial and social segregation of red-billed choughs between two types of communal roost: a role for mating and territory acquisition. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Jose L. Tella, Guillermo Blanco |
| Testing related samples with missing values: A permutation approach. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Roger Mundry |
| Testosterone and social and reproductive behaviour in Aphelocoma jays. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Carol M. Vleck, Jerram L. Brown |
| The competing countermarks hypothesis: Reliable assessment of competitive ability by potential mates. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Jane L. Hurst, Tracey J. Rich |
| The consistency of individual differences in behaviour: Temperature effects on antipredator behaviour in garter snakes. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Edmund D. III Brodie, Nevelyn H. Russell |
| The cost of peripheral males in a brook trout mating system. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Paul Blanchfield, Mark S. Ridgway |
| The development of within-song type variation in song sparrows. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Stephen Nowicki, William A. Searcy, Susan Peters, Carolyn Clayton |
| The economics of marking with faeces.(Scent marking in a territorial African antelope, part 2) | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Justin S. Brashares, Peter Arcese |
| The effect of clutch cooling rate on starling, Sturnus vulgaris, incubation strategy. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | J.M. Reid, P. Monaghan, G.D. Ruxton |
| The effect of experimental male removals on extrapair paternity in the wheatear, Oenanthe oenanthe. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | T. Burke, D.B.A. Thompson, D. Currie, A.P. Krupa |
| The effect of group size on the foraging behaviour of juvenile coho salmon: reduction of predation risk or increased competition? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Lawrence M. Dill, Tamara C. Grand |
| The effect of predation on begging-call evolution in nestling wood warblers. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | David G. Haskell |
| The effect of proximity on landmark use in Clark's nutcrackers. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Alan C. Kamil, Kristy L. Gould-Beierle |
| The effect of variability in the food supply on the daily singing routines of European robins: A test of a stochastic dynamic programming model. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Robert J. Thomas |
| The effects of demonstrator social status and prior foraging success on social learning in laying hens. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | C.J. Nicol, S.J. Pope |
| The effects of hunger on locomotory behavior in two species of wolf spider.(Araneae, Lycosidae) | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Sean E. Walker, Samuel D. Marshall, Ann L. Rypstra, Douglas H. Taylor |
| The effects of sex ratio on sexual competition in the European lobster. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | John D. Reynolds, Valerie J. Debuse, Julian T. Addison |
| The effects of social status on food-associated calling behaviour in captive cotton-top tamarins. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Charles T. Snowdon, Rebecca S. Roush |
| The evolution of exaggerated sexual swelling in primates and the graded-signal hypothesis. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Charles L. Nunn |
| The foraging and antipredator behavior of growth-enhanced transgenic Atlantic salmon. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Mark V. Abrahams, Arnold Sutterlin |
| The geometry of stimulus control.(heuristic approach to stimulus selection) | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Magnus Enquist, Stefano Ghirlanda |
| The influence of nutritional state on shoal choice in zebrafish, Danio rerio. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Jens Krause, Victoria L. Pritchard, Nils Hartmann |
| The influence of oxygen stress on female choice for male nest structure in the common goby. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | John D. Reynolds, Jackie C. Jones |
| The maintenance of borders between male oribi.(Scent Marking in a Territorial African Antelope, part 1) | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Justin S. Brashares, Peter Arcese |
| The meaning and function of grunt variants in baboons. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Dorothy L. Cheney, Robert M. Seyfarth, Michael J. Owren, Drew Rendall |
| The ontogenetic switch between odonate life history stages: Effects on fitness when time and food are limited. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Stewart Plaistow, MIchael T. Siva-Jothy |
| The relationship between signal quality and physical condition: is sexual signalling honest in the three-spined stickleback? | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Ulrika Candolin |
| The response of water voles, Arvicola terrestris, to the odours of predators. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | David W. MacDonald, Guillermo R. Barreto |
| The role of the vomeronasal organ of crotalines (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae) in predator detection. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Lynda R. Miller, William H.N. Gutzke |
| The role of urine marking in the foraging behavior of least chipmunks. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Lynn Devenport, Jill Devenport, Chris Kokesh |
| The roles of phylogeny and sociality in the evolution of social play in muroid rodents. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Sergio M. Pellis, Andrew N. Iwaniuk |
| The social transmission of spatial information in homing pigeons. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Tim Guilford, Theresa Burt de Perera |
| The use of landmarks to define territorial boundaries.(cicada killer wasps) | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Perri K. Eason, Kristin G. Trinca, Gary A. Cobbs |
| The winner and loser effect: integrating multiple experiences. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Larry L. Wolf, Yuying Hsu |
| Thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Sciuridae: Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) antipredator vigilance decreases as vigilance cost increases. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Daniel W. Leger, Codyy L. Arenz |
| Three-dimensional microhabitat use by young pool-dwelling Atlantic salmon and brown trout. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Gunnbjorn Bremset, Ole Kristian Berg |
| T-maze behaviour in domestic chicks: a search for underlying variables. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | R. Bryan Jones, Raul H. Marin, Daniel A. Garcia, Augusto Arce |
| To split behaviour into bouts, log-transform the intervals. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Ilias Kyriazakis, Bert J. Tolkamp |
| Trait compensation and cospecialization in a freshwater snail: size, shape and antipredator behaviour. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Andrew Sih, Thomas J. Dewitt, Jeffery A. Hucko |
| Travel distance and mass gain in wintering blackbirds. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Will Cresswell |
| Trophallaxis in the honeybee, Apis mellifera: the interaction between viscosity and sucrose concentration of the transferred solution. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Walter M. Farina, Andrea A. Tezze |
| Two tests of a stochastic dynamic programming model of daily singing routines in birds. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Robert J. Thomas |
| Uncertainty in the reconstruction of ancestral character states and limitations on the use of phylogenetic comparative methods. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Jonathan B. Losos |
| Undertaking specialization in the desert leaf-cutter ant Acromyrmex versicolor. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Glennis E. Julian, Sara Cahan |
| Unravelling the chemical basis of competitive scent marking in house mice. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | J.L. Hurst, R.E. Humphries, D.H.L. Roberston, R.J. Beynon |
| Urinary chemical cues affect light avoidance behaviour in male laboratory mice, Mus musculus. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Carla Mucignat-Caretta, Antonio Caretta |
| Use of electrorecption during foraging by the Australian lungfish. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Christopher S. Evans, Michael Watt, Jean M.P. Joss |
| Variation and consistency of female preferences for simulated courtship songs in Drosophila virilis. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Jouni Aspi, Anneli Hoikkala, Eija Isoherranen |
| Vibrational directionality in the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.), is mediated by female song. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Andrej Cokl, Meta Virant-Doberlet, Andrew McDowell |
| Vocal recognition in the spotted hyaena and its possible implications regarding the evolution of intelligence. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Kay E. Holekamp, Sarah Birch, Erin E. Boydston, Micaela Szykman, Isla Graham, Karen J. Nutt, Audra Piskiel, Mandeep Singh |
| Water temperature influences the shoaling decisions of guppies, Poecilia reticulata, under predation threat. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | David Atkinson, David Weetman, James C. Chubb |
| Who dares, learns: Chemical inspection behaviour and acquired predator recognition in a characin fish. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Grant E. Brown, Jean-Guy J. Godin |
| Why are infants so attractive to others? The form and function of infant handling in bonnet macaques. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Joan B. Silk |
| Within-litter sibling aggression in spotted hyaenas: effect of maternal nursing, sex and age. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Marion L. East, Heribert Hofer, Waltraud Golla |
| Woodpigeons nesting in association with hobby falcons: advantages and choice rules. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Fabrizio Sergio, Giuseppe Bogliani, Giacomo Tavecchia |
| Worker age, size and social status in queenless colonies of the ant Leptothorax gredleri. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | J. Heinze, B. Oberstadt |
| Yelling for sex: harem males compete for female access in bronze-winged jacanas. | Zoology and wildlife conservation | Stuart H.M. Butchart, Nathalie Seddon, Jonathan M.M. Ekstrom |
This website is not affiliated with document authors or copyright owners. This page is provided for informational purposes only. Unintentional errors are possible.
